Pham Doan Trang: It Has Been Four Years of Detention
Dear Trang: It would be four years in an hour since the day they came and got you. The picture
An infamous and grandiose project that the Vietnamese government has spent 12 years in the making.
This article was published in Luat Khoa Magazine on September 1, 2022. Lee Nguyen translated this into English.
The lives of the Vietnamese people will undergo significant changes in the coming years as their government implements its citizen management systems that leverage personal data mainly through electronic identification on mobile phones.
Whether Vietnam becomes a different version of China depends on how efficient the Vietnamese government is in collecting personal information and in monitoring its citizens. Personal data is an individual’s most valuable asset; it holds the potential to both serve and potentially harm them.
There is still time to explore the Vietnamese government's ambitious drive towards digitizing personal data. For over the last 12 years, significant policy measures have been undertaken that have shaped the collection and digitization of personal data for the entire Vietnamese population.
The government issued Decree No. 90/2010/ND-CP in August 2010 which granted the Ministry of Public Security (Vietnam's national police force) the authority to establish the National Database on Population, enabling the collection of 23 distinct categories of information from Vietnamese citizens [1]. Notably, the decree outlines the inclusion of their personal identification numbers in the data collection process. This data will be collected by standardizing existing population statistics and gathering information from specialized databases, such as insurance or healthcare, or through various electronic forms.
In June 2013, Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung's Decision No. 896/QD-TTg mandated the establishment of robust legal frameworks for the collection of citizen data as well as drafting a new decree to replace Decree No. 90/2010/ND-CP. [2] Aside from this, the decision required personal information to be integrated into "electronic citizen cards." This decision encompassed the philosophy of Vietnam’s population data management: "Centralized and unified registration and management from birth to death." At this point in time, The National Database on Population was expected to be completed by 2020.
The 2014 Law on Citizen Identification, recognized as the highest-level regulation, legalized the provisions for collecting personal data in Decree No. 90/2010/ND-CP while issuing new regulations on new citizen identity cards (“căn cước công dân” in Vietnamese). [3]
The 2014 Law on Civil Status manages information and events related to personal status such as birth registration, marriage registration, and death registration. Moreover, this law integrates the Electronic Household Registration Database with the National Database on Population. [4]
Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung signed Decision No. 714/QD-TTg to deploy six national databases: population, land, business registration, comprehensive statistics on population, finance, and insurance. [5]
After several years of implementation, the government’s goal of simplifying administrative procedures did not meet expectations. However, Resolution No. 36a/NQ-CP aimed to remedy this by requiring ministries, sectors, and localities to apply modern technology in their management activities to streamline administrative procedures, with the goal of achieving an effective E-Government. [6]
Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung signed Decision No. 2083/QD-TTg to allocate funds to the Ministry of Public Security to construct the National Database on Population. A portion of this budget would be used for the issuance of personal identification numbers and the collection of personal data in 2016 - 2017. [7]
Decree No. 137/2015/ND-CP is particularly important because it served as a crucial upgrade to its predecessor, Decree No. 90/2010/ND-CP. [8] It governs the National Database on Population, aligning with the provisions in the Law on Citizen Identification. According to this decree, the Ministry of Public Security has the authority to collect and exploit citizen data and allow third parties to use this data as well. It also provided detailed regulations on integrating the National Database on Population with other specialized databases.
Furthermore, the decree regulated procedures for issuing/canceling personal identification numbers and managing citizen identity cards. In terms of jurisdiction, the decree specified that only the police at the district level and above are authorized to update citizens' personal data.
The Ministry of Public Security began issuing 12-digit citizen identity cards, which also serve as personal identification numbers, in 16 localities. [9] Other localities continued to issue 9-digit identity cards (chứng minh nhân dân). It was expected that in four years these new identity cards would be issued to the entire population. However, this project failed and by 2020, no additional localities had issued the new identity cards. [10]
A committee was established according to Decision No. 1072/QD-TTg, chaired by Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc, with members including ministers, deputy ministers, and the chairpersons of four companies: Viettel, VNPT, Vietnam Post, and FPT. [11] The committee's task was to study and propose strategies for building an E-government.
The National Population Database project could not be completed by 2017. As a result, Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc signed Decision No. 366/QD-TTg to adjust the investment policy for this project. [12] Accordingly, the Ministry of Public Security could spend 3085 billion dong from 2018 to 2021.
It should be noted that in November 2015, 3367 billion dong had been allocated to the Ministry of Public Security for the 2016 - 2017 period. However, the total amount spent was not indicated in official documents.
Decision No. 749/QD-TTg by Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc set forth Vietnam's ambition to reform its application of modern technology to develop a digital government, digital society, and digital economy. [13]
One notable objective of this decision was the full integration of national databases that serve as the foundation for developing e-government. These included databases on population, land, business registration, finance, and insurance. The databases would also be shared nationwide, achieving "one-time declaration, full life-cycle service for citizens, and socio-economic development." Notably, the decision did not mention anything about ensuring proper safeguards for the private and personal data of citizens.
At this stage, the Ministry of Public Security's goal of issuing citizen identification cards to the entire population failed, with only 16 million produced. [14]
In August 2020, the Ministry of Public Security announced that people should wait and that citizens would receive their identification cards from late 2020 onwards. [15] On September 3, 2020, the prime minister approved the chip-embedded identity card project of the Ministry of Public Security through Decision No. 1368/QD-TTg. [16] Consequently, the Ministry of Public Security began collecting data from the entire population to build the National Population Database.
The 2020 Residency Law was passed, marking the transition from paper household registration books to a more modern "electronic" version by 2023. [17] Despite this, the old household registration system was not abolished. Information regarding household registration would still exist and be stored in the Residence Database that is connected to the National Population Database.
The Vietnamese government promotes the convenience of "electronic" household registration. However, this benefit primarily lies in not having to maintain the old paper book. People who migrate to major cities still have to return to their hometowns, their place of permanent registration, to handle administrative procedures. As of now, this digitization project has not addressed this issue.
At the beginning of 2021, the Ministry of Public Security urged Vietnamese citizens to register for chip-embedded citizen identity cards, according to the prescribed template in Circular No. 06/2021/BCA. [18] The Ministry of Public Security failed to proactively disclose the details of the technology partners involved in this project, such as the sources of these cards, the card management software, and card reading devices, among others.
In February 2021, the Ministry of Public Security published the Draft Decree on Personal Data Protection. [19] This decree allows authorities to collect and process personal information without the consent of the data owners through regulations "according to the provisions of the law" (Point a Clause 1 of Article 6 & Article 10). Point b of Clause 3 of Article 11 of the draft also gives data-collecting parties the power to refuse to notify data owners if "the processing of personal data is regulated by the laws, international agreements, and international treaties."
In addition to fundamental data categories, authorities may also collect sensitive personal data, including political opinions, religion, health, genetics, gender, biometrics, finance, sexual tendencies, residency, social relationships and the like.
At the end of March 2021, the Ministry of Public Security issued Decree No. 37/2021/ND-CP to amend Decree No. 137/2015/ND-CP. [20][21] This amendment gave community-level police forces the power to update and modify citizens' personal data.
The decree also provided more explicit regulations on the exploitation and sharing of information from political and social organizations (such as the Vietnam Farmers' Union and Vietnam Women's Union) to the National Population Personal Data Database. In other words, the government would be able to access information about individuals from these organizations and vice versa.
The decree also specified how personal data can be exploited by third parties. Entities such as credit institutions and telecommunication service providers would be granted permission to use personal data if authorized by the government. This regulation carries inherent risks related to the control of third-party responsibilities in ensuring privacy rights.
The draft Circular by the Ministry of Public Security lists six groups of services that can exploit and use information from the National Population Database, including authentication services, citizen information provision services, citizen information retrieval services, services providing lists of citizens' primary information fields, electronic identification and authentication, and comprehensive data exploitation. [22]
Notably, “economic organizations” were also given the power to mine personal data.
When Ho Chi Minh City was under lockdown due to the COVID-19 outbreak, the Ministry of Public Security required residents to declare their movements through the VNEID application. [23] This application utilized the accumulated and digitized data collected during the preceding period. This event demonstrates the government's ability to use personal data for population control.
By August 2021, the Ministry of Public Security's partners in supplying the chip-embedded identity cards were revealed. [24] Accordingly, Entrust (USA) collaborated with MK Group (Vietnam) to provide the system and software for issuing 50 million chip-embedded citizen identity cards, beginning in February 2021.
In addition to changing the name of the Committee, Decision No. 1619/QD-TTg also expanded the committee's functions to research, propose, and promote the National Digital Transformation Program instead of solely focusing on building E-government as before. [27] Chairpersons of telecommunications and technology corporations no longer had the status of committee members but were only involved in working groups.
The Prime Minister issued Decision No. 34/2021/QD-TTg, which regulates electronic identification and authentication for citizens. [28] According to the Decision, each individual would be issued an electronic identification account on their electronic devices to conduct transactions. This account is expected to serve as a secondary identity card, integrating various documents for public and private services.
However, shortly after the Decision was issued, the Ministry of Public Security announced that another decree would be issued to replace it in 2022. [29] The draft of the replacement decree specified that the VNEID application would be used for electronic identification accounts. [30]
The prime minister approved the plan under Decision No. 06/QD-TTg, listing the tasks that need to be completed for applying data, electronic identification and authentication technologies, to the entire population. [31] This decision requires the "involvement of the entire political system" and the society to "ensure the success of digital transformation."
Accordingly, the government would use the VNEID application for electronic identification and authentication in 2022, in the banking sector and other selected fields. The application will integrate population data with specialized sectors' data to establish Monitoring Centers and City Intelligent Operations Centers (IOC) that will use artificial intelligence cameras and monitor social networks. By mid-2022, provinces and cities would continue to build IOC centers to monitor, collect, and process information within their jurisdictions. [32]
The government issued Resolution No. 27/NQ-CP approving the documents for the construction of the Personal Data Protection Decree. This resolution agreed with the Ministry of Public Security and states that, in some instances, private data could be processed without the consent of citizens. [33]
The National Assembly Standing Committee would provide additional opinions on this draft before its issuance in 2022.
In March 2022, the Ministry of Public Security informed Tuoi Tre newspaper that the introduction of chip-embedded identity cards would be accompanied by an electronic identification application. Its primary purpose was to facilitate the "management" of citizens' online activities, including limiting violations of honor, dignity, reputation, threats to national security, social order and safety, and crime prevention. [34]
According to the Ministry of Public Security, electronic identification accounts were issued on February 25, 2022. [35] However, it was not until July 2022 that the first 10 citizens had their accounts approved. [36] Over 6 million citizens are currently on the waiting list.
The electronic identification account has two levels. Citizens only need to register online for a Level 1 account to access basic features such as reading the news and declaring health information. At Level 2, the account becomes an electronic identity card. However, citizens must register directly with the police to create this kind of account, which would also integrate various personal documents.
Currently, the campaign to issue chip-embedded identity cards is being expedited. The Ministry of Public Security aims to complete the issuance of chip-embedded identity cards for the entire population before September 30, 2023. [37] Five centrally-administered cities must complete it earlier by August 30, 2023. [38]
Citizen participation is crucial in public policies, especially those directly related to rights such as the protection of personal data.
Nevertheless, from the construction of the National Population Database to the issuance of chip-embedded identity cards and the implementation of "citizens' movement tracking," it is evident that citizens are not given opportunities to voice their opinions. The legal drafts are published on low-traffic websites and state media often reports this after the fact, and the decision is irreversible.
The minimum we can do is to monitor significant developments and understand our rights as defined by the law. For example, Article 5, Clause 1 of the Law on Citizen Identification stipulates:
“Citizens have the following rights:
a) To have their personal and family secrets kept confidential in the National Population Database and the Citizen Identification Database, except in cases subject to the provision of information and documents as prescribed by law;
[...]
d) To lodge complaints or denunciations about or initiate lawsuits against law violations on citizen identification, the National Population Database and the Citizen Identification Database under law.”
Understanding the law may not prevent abuse of power by authorities, but it can help maintain a more resilient mindset in adverse situations.
The VNEID application is the most crucial thing to pay attention to. This application functions as an electronic identity card. In 2023, the VNEID application will continue to expand its functions to include cashless payments, utility payments, document integration, crime reporting, and more. [39]
In the future, it may even become necessary to use it for personal transactions such as opening bank accounts, staying in hotels, or even registering for social media accounts. All of this personal data may be collected and stored by the authorities. Monitoring the power and control associated with the VNEID application is something that should be done to protect privacy rights.
1. Nghị định 90/2010/NĐ-CP quy định cơ sở dữ liệu quốc gia dân cư. Thuvienphapluat.vn. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Van-hoa-Xa-hoi/Nghi-dinh-90-2010-ND-CP-quy-dinh-co-so-du-lieu-quoc-gia-dan-cu-110476.aspx
2. 896/QĐ-TTg Phê duyệt Đề án tổng thể đơn giản hóa thủ tục hành chính, giấy tờ công dân và các cơ sở dữ liệu liên quan đến quản lý dân cư giai đoạn 2013 – 2020. (2013). Luattrongtay.vn. https://luattrongtay.vn/ViewFullText/Id/2b84ea8a-c762-439f-a73d-3286aa9e5154
3. Luật Căn cước công dân 2014 số 59/2014/QH13. Thuvienphapluat.vn. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Quyen-dan-su/Luat-Can-cuoc-cong-dan-2014-259782.aspx
4. Luật Hộ tịch 2014 số 60/2014/QH13. Thuvienphapluat.vn. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Quyen-dan-su/Luat-Ho-tich-2014-259727.aspx
5. Quyết định 714/QĐ-TTg 2015 Danh mục cơ sở dữ liệu quốc gia triển khai phát triển chính phủ điện tử. Thuvienphapluat.vn. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Cong-nghe-thong-tin/Quyet-dinh-714-QD-TTg-2015-Danh-muc-co-so-du-lieu-quoc-gia-trien-khai-phat-trien-chinh-phu-dien-tu-275429.asp
6. Nghị quyết 36a/NQ-CP Chính phủ điện tử. Thuvienphapluat.vn. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Cong-nghe-thong-tin/Nghi-quyet-36a-NQ-CP-Chinh-phu-dien-tu-292787.aspx
7. Quyết định 2083/QĐ-TTg 2015 phê duyệt chủ trương đầu tư dự án Cơ sở dữ liệu quốc gia về dân cư. Thuvienphapluat.vn. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Van-hoa-Xa-hoi/Quyet-dinh-2083-QD-TTg-2015-phe-duyet-chu-truong-dau-tu-du-an-Co-so-du-lieu-quoc-gia-ve-dan-cu-296493.aspx
8. Nghị định 137/2015/NĐ-CP hướng dẫn Luật Căn cước công dân. Thuvienphapluat.vn. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Bo-may-hanh-chinh/Nghi-dinh-137-2015-ND-CP-huong-dan-Luat-Can-cuoc-cong-dan-282742.aspx
9. Thế Kha. (2015, December 21). 16 địa phương cấp thẻ Căn cước công dân từ ngày 1/1/2016. Báo Điện Tử Dân Trí; Báo Dân Trí. https://dantri.com.vn/xa-hoi/16-dia-phuong-cap-the-can-cuoc-cong-dan-tu-ngay-1-1-2016-20151221134612365.htm
10. Thái An - Đông Hà. (2020, August 8). Căn cước công dân vừa đổi sẽ phải đổi lại! TUOI TRE ONLINE. https://web.archive.org/web/20220817030001/https://tuoitre.vn/can-cuoc-cong-dan-vua-doi-se-phai-doi-lai-2020080808383973.htm
11. Quyết định 1072/QĐ-TTg 2018 thành lập Ủy ban Quốc gia Chính phủ điện tử. Thuvienphapluat.vn. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Cong-nghe-thong-tin/Quyet-dinh-1072-QD-TTg-2018-thanh-lap-Uy-ban-Quoc-gia-Chinh-phu-dien-tu-392423.aspx
12. Quyết Định Về Việc Phê Duyệt Điều Chỉnh Chủ Trương Đầu Tư Dự Án Cơ Sở Dữ Liệu Quốc Gia Về Dân Cư. Công an Quảng Trị. http://congan.quangtri.gov.vn/vi/news/Huong-dan-Cong-van/QUYET-DINH-VE-VIEC-PHE-DUYET-DIEU-CHINH-CHU-TRUONG-DAU-TU-DU-AN-CO-SO-DU-LIEU-QUOC-GIA-VE-DAN-CU-2068.html
13. Quyết định 749/QĐ-TTg 2020 phê duyệt Chương trình Chuyển đổi số quốc gia. Thuvienphapluat.vn. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/cong-nghe-thong-tin/quyet-dinh-749-qd-ttg-2020-phe-duyet-chuong-trinh-chuyen-doi-so-quoc-gia-444136.aspx
14. Xem [10].
15. Xem [10].
16. Quyết định 1368/QĐ-TTg năm 2020 về phê duyệt chủ trương đầu tư dự án Sản xuất, cấp và quản lý Căn cước công dân do Thủ tướng Chính phủ ban hành. LawNet. https://lawnet.vn/vb/quyet-dinh-1368qdttg-2020-phe-duyet-chu-truong-dau-tu-du-an-cap-va-quan-ly-can-cuoc-cong-dan-6E43A.html
17. Luật Cư trú 2020, Luật số 68/2020/QH14 mới nhất 2021. LuatVietnam. https://luatvietnam.vn/tu-phap/luat-cu-tru-nam-2020-195560-d1.html
18. Thông tư 06/2021/TT-BCA quy định mẫu thẻ Căn cước công dân. Thuvienphapluat.vn. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Quyen-dan-su/Thong-tu-06-2021-TT-BCA-quy-dinh-mau-the-Can-cuoc-cong-dan-463647.aspx
19. Bộ Công an. (2022). Lấy ý kiến góp ý đối với dự thảo Nghị định quy định về bảo vệ dữ liệu cá nhân. http://bocongan.gov.vn/vanban/Pages/van-ban-moi.aspx?ItemID=519
20. Nghị định 37/2021/NĐ-CP sửa đổi Nghị định 137/2015/NĐ-CP hướng dẫn Luật Căn cước công dân. Thuvienphapluat.vn. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Quyen-dan-su/Nghi-dinh-37-2021-ND-CP-sua-doi-Nghi-dinh-137-2015-ND-CP-huong-dan-Luat-Can-cuoc-cong-dan-449402.aspx
21. Nghị định 137/2015/NĐ-CP hướng dẫn Luật Căn cước công dân. Thuvienphapluat.vn. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Bo-may-hanh-chinh/Nghi-dinh-137-2015-ND-CP-huong-dan-Luat-Can-cuoc-cong-dan-282742.aspx
22. Bộ Công an. (2022). Bộ Công an lấy ý kiến về dự thảo Thông tư quy định dịch vụ được khai thác, sử dụng thông tin trong Cơ sở dữ liệu quốc gia về dân cư. http://bocongan.gov.vn/vanban/Pages/van-ban-moi.aspx?ItemID=558
23. Thanh Ngọc. (2021, August 15). Hệ thống “di biến động dân cư” của Bộ Công an hoạt động ra sao? Luật Khoa Tạp Chí. https://www.luatkhoa.org/2021/08/he-thong-di-bien-dong-dan-cu-cua-bo-cong-an-hoat-dong-ra-sao/
24. (2021, August 20). Entrust hợp tác với MK Group trong việc cung cấp 50 triệu thẻ căn cước cá nhân gắn chip của Việt Nam. Báo Thời Đại. https://thoidai.com.vn/entrust-hop-tac-voi-mk-group-trong-viec-cung-cap-50-trieu-the-can-cuoc-ca-nhan-gan-chip-cua-viet-nam-148164.html
25. China Golden Dragon Technology Company Limited. (2022). Entrust.com. https://www.entrust.com/partner-directory/china-golden-dragon-technology-company-limited
26. Entrust Datacard Announces Partnership with Beijing SkyFaith Technology Co. (2016). Entrust.com. https://www.entrust.com/newsroom/press-releases/2016/edc-announces-partnership-with-beijing-skyfaith-tech-co
27. Quyết định 1619/QĐ-TTg 2021 kiện toàn Ủy ban Quốc gia Chính phủ điện tử. Thuvienphapluat.vn. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Bo-may-hanh-chinh/Quyet-dinh-1619-QD-TTg-2021-kien-toan-Uy-ban-Quoc-gia-Chinh-phu-dien-tu-489063.aspx
28. Quyết định 34/2021/QĐ-TTg định danh trên nền tảng Cơ sở dữ liệu quốc gia về dân cư. Thuvienphapluat.vn. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Quyen-dan-su/Quyet-dinh-34-2021-QD-TTg-dinh-danh-tren-nen-tang-Co-so-du-lieu-quoc-gia-ve-dan-cu-493645.aspx
29. Bộ Công an. (2022). Xây dựng Nghị định về định danh và xác thực điện tử là nền tảng triển khai Đề án 06. http://bocongan.gov.vn/tin-tuc-su-kien/hoat-dong-cua-luc-luong-cong-an/xay-dung-nghi-dinh-ve-dinh-danh-va-xac-thuc-dien-tu-la-nen-tang-trien-khai-de-an-06-d18-t31264.html
30. Bộ Công an. (2022). Dự thảo Nghị định quy định về định danh và xác thực điện tử. http://bocongan.gov.vn/van-ban/van-ban-du-thao/du-thao-nghi-dinh-quy-dinh-ve-dinh-danh-va-xac-thuc-dien-tu-289.html#parentHorizontalTab1
31. Quyết định 06/QĐ-TTg 2022 Đề án phát triển ứng dụng dữ liệu về dân cư 2022-2025. Thuvienphapluat.vn. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Cong-nghe-thong-tin/Quyet-dinh-06-QD-TTg-2022-De-an-phat-trien-ung-dung-du-lieu-ve-dan-cu-2022-2025-499726.aspx
32. Thanh Ngọc. (2022, May 6). Bạn đang bị giám sát: Điều gì xảy ra với thẻ căn cước gắn chip của bạn trong năm 2022? Luật Khoa Tạp Chí. https://www.luatkhoa.org/2022/05/ban-dang-bi-giam-sat-dieu-gi-xay-ra-voi-the-can-cuoc-gan-chip-cua-ban-trong-nam-2022
33. Nghị quyết 27/NQ-CP 2022 thông qua hồ sơ xây dựng Nghị định bảo vệ dữ liệu cá nhân. Thuvienphapluat.vn. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Cong-nghe-thong-tin/Nghi-quyet-27-NQ-CP-2022-thong-qua-ho-so-xay-dung-Nghi-dinh-bao-ve-du-lieu-ca-nhan-505746.aspx
34. Danh Trọng. (2022, March 29). Vì sao có căn cước công dân gắn chip vẫn cần tài khoản định danh điện tử? TUOI TRE ONLINE. https://tuoitre.vn/vi-sao-co-can-cuoc-cong-dan-gan-chip-van-can-tai-khoan-dinh-danh-dien-tu-20220329154924863.htm
35. Thân Hoàng. (2022, February 22). Bộ Công an triển khai cấp tài khoản định danh điện tử cho công dân. TUOI TRE ONLINE. https://tuoitre.vn/bo-cong-an-trien-khai-cap-tai-khoan-dinh-danh-dien-tu-cho-cong-dan-20220222154004857.htm
36. Tuyến Phan. (2022, July 18). 10 công dân Việt Nam đầu tiên được cấp tài khoản định danh điện tử. Báo Pháp Luật TP. Hồ Chí Minh. https://plo.vn/10-cong-dan-viet-nam-dau-tien-duoc-cap-tai-khoan-dinh-danh-dien-tu-post689685.html
37. Tuyến Phan. (2022, August 9). Bộ Công an: Cấp thẻ CCCD gắn chip cho toàn dân trước 30-9. Báo Pháp Luật TP. Hồ Chí Minh; Báo Pháp Luật TP. Hồ Chí Minh. https://plo.vn/bo-cong-an-cap-the-cccd-gan-chip-cho-toan-dan-truoc-30-9-post693150.html
38. Nguyễn Dương. (2022, July 27). 5 thành phố phải hoàn thành cấp căn cước trước 31/8. Báo Dân Trí. https://dantri.com.vn/xa-hoi/5-thanh-pho-phai-hoan-thanh-cap-can-cuoc-truoc-318-20220727150129524.htm
39. Quyết định 06/QĐ-TTg 2022 Đề án phát triển ứng dụng dữ liệu về dân cư 2022 2025. Thuvienphapluat.vn. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Cong-nghe-thong-tin/Quyet-dinh-06-QD-TTg-2022-De-an-phat-trien-ung-dung-du-lieu-ve-dan-cu-2022-2025-499726.aspx
Vietnam's independent news and analyses, right in your inbox.